We’ll first focus on word-level annotations, identifying the onset and offset of individual words. Now you can start editing the TextGrid by adding ‘boundaries’ (in interval tiers) and ‘points’ (in point tiers).If you want any of these to be point tiers instead of interval tiers, copy the name of the point tier in the second field (e.g., word phoneme F1 F2 in the first field, defining F1 F2 in the second field as point tiers). Enter the names of your interval tiers in the top field, separated by space (e.g., word phoneme), and click OK.Interval tiers are the most commonly used type of tier, so we’ll primarily focus on interval tiers. Point tiers allow you to add ‘points’ that identify certain individual time points, but not the intervals between time points. For word-level annotations in an interval tier, you’d need two boundaries to demarcate a single word: one at its onset and another at its offset. Interval tiers allow you to add ‘boundaries’ that demarcate certain acoustic events (words, syllables, phonemes), indicating where they are and how long they are. Tiers inside TextGrids come in two flavors: interval tiers and point tiers.Each TextGrid can have multiple tiers, combining for instance word-level annotations (longer intervals demarcating individual words), syllable-level annotations (shorter intervals demarcating the syllables inside the words), and phoneme-level annotations (short intervals demarcating the individual sounds). Praat will then ask you for the names of tiers.Go back to the Praat object window, select the Sound by clicking on it (if it wasn’t selected already), and click Annotate > To TextGrid….Now close the Sound window because we do not only want to view the sound, we also want to annotate it in a TextGrid.Clicking on the second gray bar will play the visible window, while clicking on the third and last gray bar will play the entire sound. This is identical to clicking on the interval appearing in the first gray bar at the very bottom of the TextGrid window. You can play parts of the sound by selecting an interval and hitting to play and to stop the playback.You can also use bak to go back to the previous view, to view the entire sound file, and and to gradually zoom in and out. You can zoom in to a different parts of the recording by clicking and dragging inside the waveform to select a part and click or in the bottom left to zoom in to this part.This will show the sound waveform (oscillogram) on top and a spectrogram below that.You can view the sound by clicking View & Edit.So here’s a free piece of advice: better avoid spaces in filenames… This will for instance affect the default name when saving the object in Praat. If your file is called “file number one.wav”, Praat will present it in the object window as “file_number_one”, replacing spaces with underscores. Note that Praat, like me, has a serious dislike for spaces in filenames.The file will show up as a Sound object in the object window, and upon opening will already automatically be selected (highlighted in blue). Open a sound file: Open > Read from file….However, the search function in Praat isn’t great so often typing a question into Google is more helpful. Praat also has a Praat manual itself: it is available online and offline as part of the Praat software. Parts of this how-to are adapted from Aletheia Cui’s really clear and helpful Segmentation with Praat tutorial, including many of the screenshots. On the right is a dynamic menu, which changes depending on which objects are selected (Sounds, TextGrids, Spectra, etc.). In the Objects window, there are fixed menus at the top (Praat, New, Open, Save) and bottom (Rename, Copy, Inspect, Info, Remove).In most cases, you can ignore Praat Picture and close it. Praat Objects is the most important interface for working with sound and annotations, while Praat Picture is where the figures you draw appear (e.g., waveforms or spectrograms) allowing you to save them as. One is called Praat Objects (or: object window), and the other is called Praat Picture. When you open Praat, two windows pop up.Here’s a video tutorial from Matt Winn about downloading Praat: Save it somewhere where you can find it later, unzip it, and open praat.exe This will download a zipped folder containing a praat.exe file.We’ll read a wav file in Praat, create an empty TextGrid with several tiers, add boundaries delimiting individual words and phonemes in the recording, and save the annotations to a TextGrid file. We’ll cover making TextGrid annotations in Praat.
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